Between the 14th and early 19th Centuries, waves of Bantu speaking people migrated to the area from all directions. By the 16th Century, the Portuguese had also arrived and settled however, David Livingstone brought about change in the 1800's that would permanently affect Malawi. Following his arrival, Britain established Livingstone's Nyasaland as a protectorate which later led to significant agricultural development and a high presence of missionaries. In 1963 Malawi gained independence and its first president, Dr. Hastings Banda declared himself "President for Life" in 1971. Despite his dictatorial nature and consolidated power, Banda lost Malawi's first multi-party elections in 1994 to Baliki Muluzi. The years that have followed have allowed for political liberation, economic reform and privatization of business. The main ethnic groups in Malawi are the Chewa, Yao, Tumbuka, Angoni, Chipoka, Ngonde, Lambya, and the Tonga.